الفِعْل الثُلاثِي Triliteral Verb |
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مُضَارِع Imperfective -- أَمْر Imperative |
مَاضِي Perfective |
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(a) The imperative الفَعْل الأَمْر is derived from the imperfective المُضَارِع by dropping the يَـ.(b) The remainder verb after dropping the يَـ starts with [sukuun] (see between brackets), so [alif al-wasl] is added.(c) The short vowel over/below [alif al-wasl] is either [DHammah] or [kasrah].(d) If the second letter of the root verb in the imperfective المُضَارِع has [DHammah], [alif al-wasl] must also have [DHammah], as in (3), (4), and (6). If it does not have [DHammah], the short vowel with [alif al-wasl] is always [kasrah]. |
يَفْهَم – (فْهَم) – اِفْهَمْيَشْرَب – (شْرَب) – اِشْرَبْيَكْتُب – (كْتُب) – اُكْتُبْيَخْرُج – (خْرُج) – اُخْرُجْيَلْعَب – (لْعَب) – اِلْعَبْيَدْخُل – (دْخُل) – اُدْخُلْ |
(1) فَهِمَ understood(2) شَرِبَ drank(3) كَتَبَ wrote(4) خَرَجَ went out(5) لَعِبَ played(6) دَخَلَ came in |
الفِعْل الخُمَاسِي والسُّدَاسِي Five- and Six-letter Verbs |
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مُضَارِع imperfective -- أَمْر Imperative |
مَاضِي Perfective |
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(a) Like with the triliteral, the imperative verb الفِعْل الأَمْر here is derived from the imperfective المُضَارِع by dropping the يـَ and adding [alif al-wasl].(b) With five- and six-letter verbs, the short vowel with [alif al-wasl] is always [kasrah] both in the perfective and imperfective forms. |
يَبْتَسِم – (بْتَسِم) – اِبْتَسِم ْيَجْتَمِع –(جْتَمِع) – اِجْتَمَعْيَبْتَكِر –(بْتَكِر) – اِبْتَكِرْيَسْتَمِع –(سْتَمِع) – اِسْتَمِعْيَسْتَفْهِم – (سْتَفْهِم) – اِسْتَفْهِمْيَسْتَقْبِل – (سْتَقْبِل) – اِسْتَقْبِلْ |
(1) اِبْتَسَمَ smiled(2) اِجْتَمَعَ met with(3) اِبْتَكَرَ improvise(4) اِسْتَمَعَ listened(5) اِسْتَفْهَمَ inquired(6) اِسْتَقْبَلَ received |
Note that [alif al-wasl] أَلِف الوَصْل is also known as [hamzat al-wasl] هَمْزَة الوَصْل, so it is a type of [hamzah]. Different types of [hamzah] will be explained in a future lesson. |
أَسْمَاء Nouns |
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(a) With these nouns, the [alif] is always [alif al-wasl], and no [hamzah] is required below the [alif].(b) The short vowel with [alif al-wasl] in these nouns is always [kasrah]. |
اِبْن sonاِبْنَة daughterاِسْم name / nounاِثْنَان two (male)اِثْنَتَان two (female)اِمْرَأَة woman |
المَصْدَر الخُمَاسِي والسُّدَاسِي Five- and Six-letter Verbal Noun |
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(a) These are verbal nouns مَصْدَر derived from the five- and six-letter verbs above.(b) [alif al-wasl] with these types of nouns is always accompanied by [kasrah] |
اِبْتِسَام smilingاِجْتِمَاع meetingاِبْتِكَار improvisingاِسْتِمَاع listeningاِسْتِفْهَام inquiryاِسْتِقْبَال reception |
(a) The [alif] in the definite article ال is [alif al-wasl].(b) The short vowel that accompanies [alif al-wasl] in ال is always [fatHah]. |
اَلْكِتَاب the bookاَلْسَّيْف the swordاَلْلَعِب the playingاَلْخَيْل the horseاَلْقَلَم the pen |
[alif al-wasl] in these examples is pronounced because it occurs in words that are at the beginning of the sentence. |
(1) اِسْمَعْ يَا وَلَد listen you boy(2) اِبْن سَلْمَان حَضَر Salman’s son came(3) اِسْتِخْدَام تِلْفُونَك مَمْنُوع using your phone is not allowed(4) اَلْبَيْت كَبِيْر the house is big |
[alif al-wasl] in these examples is not pronounced because it occurs in words that are preceded by another word, but it is still written. |
(1) نَظِّفَ اَلْغُرْفَة وَاُكْتُبِ اَلْوَاجِب clean the room and write the homework.(2) أَنَا وَاِبْن عَمِّي فِي اَلْجَامَعة I and my cousin are in the university(3) كَتَبْتُ بَـاَلْقَلَم I wrote with the pen |
If [alif al-wasl] is preceded by the preposition لِـ, which means ‘for’, it is omitted, i.e. it is neither pronounced nor written. In other words, whenever we prefix لِـ to a word that begins with ال, [alif al-wasl] is left out. |
(1) لِـ + اَلْأُسْتَاذ = لِلْأُسْتَاذ for the teacher(2) لِـ + اَلْمَرِيْض = لِلْمَرِيْض for the patient(3) لِـ + اَلْوَلَد = لِلْوَلَد for the boy |